Thursday, May 30, 2013

Remember when Reading: 5 C's

Context- Image of the Scene

Clusters- Group of movements, postures, and actions

Congruence- Correlation of the Words and Body

Consistency- Baseline behaviors of the Individual

Culture- Effect of Culture on Behavior


Thursday, May 9, 2013

Research: Deception/Lying


Culminating: Body Language
Research

Emotion: Deception/Lying

Eyes
-Eyes moving from side-to-side can indicate shiftiness and lying, as if the person is looking for an escape route in case they are found out
-Lateral movement can also happen when the person is being conspiratorial, as if they are checking that nobody else is listening
-People who are lying may look away more often as they feel guilty when looking at other
-When a person makes very little eye contact they may also be lying and not want to be detected.
-Lowering eyebrows conceals the eye, coupled with a lowered head, may indicate deception or a desire that the eyes conceal

Mouth
-Concealing the mouth is a means of hiding motions that will betray emotions
-Lowering the jaw to show a D-shaped mouth can be a false smile as it is easy to do
-Smiling without opening the mouth, and particularly with lips firmly pressed together, may indicate a suppression of words
-A half-smile, on one side of the face, may indicate cynicism, sarcasm or uncertainty
-Lips which are pulled inwards from all directions are an indication of tension and may indicate frustration or disapproval.
-When the top lip is over the bottom lip, this may be linked with biting of the bottom lip, a common indicator that the person is feeling guilty about something
-Smiling without reaching the eyes; fake

Arms
-Hiding the hands is indicative of suspicious behavior
-Touching the nose while speaking is a tell tale of lying


Research:Anger/Rage


Culminating: Body Language
Research

Emotion:Anger/Rage

Eyes
-The eyes can be used to stare and hold the gaze for long period
-Squinting may also indicate scrutiny
-"Eye blocking", sign of consternation, disbelief, or disagreement
-Looking at a person can be an act of power and domination
-Looking up and down at a whole person is usually sizing them up
-Looking at their forehead or not at them indicates disinterest.
-The power gaze is a short but intense gaze that is used to impose one's will on another, showing power without aggression.
-Sideways glance may be a sign of disapproval
-Prolonged eye contact can be threatening
-Narrowing of a person's eyes can indicate evaluation
-Lowered eyebrows, depending on the conotation may indicate displeasure
-Raising a single eyebrow means cynicism- "Are you sure?"
-Eyebrows pulled down so that they slope inwards is an indication of anger or frustration

Mouth
-disapproving frowns
-pursed lips
-sneers
-When the lips are pulled back, they expose the teeth. This may be in a broad smile or it may be a snarl of aggression


Other Features of Face
-redness of the face
-Cheeks sucked in or out may indicate disapproval
-When the nostrils are widened it allows more air to be breathed in and out and readies the person for combat
-Wrinkling the nose is a sign of disgust
-Pinching the bridge of the nose can show the person is evaluating something, usually negatively and with some frustration

Arms
-clenching of fists ready to strike
-Arms crossed; folded tightly holding one another

Legs
-Legs which are held apart when standing provide a stable base for the person; makes body appear wider and bigger as a sign of power and dominence
-Crossing the thighs, standing or sitting, takes the defensiveness of closing further; like crossing arms

Torso
- Feet are firmly planted, flat on the floor, slightly apart to provide a firm base
-lowering and spreading of the body for stability


Research:Frightened/Anxiety


Culminating: Body Language
Research

Emotion: Frightened/Anxiety

Eyes
-Eyebrows knitted; sign of stress
-Looking down involves not looking at the other person, which hence may be a sign of submission
-Looking down may also indicate guilty feelings
-When a person makes very little eye contact, they may be feeling insecure
-When eyebrows are raised in the middle, pulling the forhead, sloping outwards, indicates either relief or anxiety

Mouth
-Opening mouth to get more oxygen is indicative of a person who is frightened or angry
-Breathing faster/ panting may also indicate levels of fear
-Long, tense smiles are characteristic of anxious people trying to ingratiate themselves
-When lips are sucked into the mouth or turned under so the red part of the lips are hidden, this can indicate that the person is thinking and uncertain about something
-Biting the lip, centrally or at the side, is often a sign of anxiety
-A short, deep, exhaling sigh, can indicate sadness, frustration or boredom.
-Short inhalation, particularly in a sequence, can be like silent sobs and hence be an indicator of deep and suppressed sadness
Corners of the mouth turned down indicates sadness or displeasure

Other Features of the Face
-Redness is a sign of embarrassment, however may also may indicate anger
-Touching the cheeks may indicate surprise or horror
-It typically indicates relief and can be a deliberate exaggeration
-Rubbing the temples either side can indicate stress
-Sniffing of the nose is indicative of holding back, possibly tears

Legs
-When people feel threatened they will thus naturally act to protect the neck; hiding neck
-Embarrassment or fear can lead to increased swallowing
-Touching the front of the neck may indicate concern
-Raising the shoulders and lowering the head protects the neck when the person fears attack
-A small quick shrug sends a signal of uncertainty; a full shrug where both shoulders are raised says definitively, "I don't know"
-When the chest is pulled back, this may well indicate that the person is trying to hide or appear inoffensive
-When the body is rigid, it may indicate tension

Arms
-Crossed arms may thus indicate anxiety which is either driven by a lack of trust in the other person or an internal discomfort and sense of vulnerability


Torso
-When people feel threatened they will thus naturally act to protect the neck; hiding neck
-Embarrassment or fear can lead to increased swallowing
-Touching the front of the neck may indicate concern
-Raising the shoulders and lowering the head protects the neck when the person fears attack
-A small quick shrug sends a signal of uncertainty; a full shrug where both shoulders are raised says definitively, "I don't know"
-When the chest is pulled back, this may well indicate that the person is trying to hide or appear inoffensive
-When the body is rigid, it may indicate tension

Research: Happy/Pleased

Culminating: Body Language
Research

Emotion: Happy/Pleased

Eyes
-Looking at a person's mouth can indicate that you would like to kiss them. Looking at sexual regions indicates a desire to have sexual relations with them.
-Glancing at something can betray a desire for that thing; Glancing at a person can indicate a desire to talk with them
-Glancing sideways at a person with raised eyebrows can be a sign of attraction
-A softening of the eyes, with relaxing of muscles around the eye and a slight defocusing as the person tries to take in the whole person is sometimes called doe eyes, as it often indicates sexual desire
-Looking at a person acknowledges them and shows that you are interested in them, particularly if you look in their eye
-A quick up down of the eyebrows is a sign of acknowledgement and a greeting

Mouth
-Slow, deep breathing, sometimes with slightly parted lips, may indicate someone who is relaxing or meditating
-Smiling indicates pleasure, either that you are generally happy and are enjoying the other person's company or that you are amused by something in particular, such as a joke
--A full smile engages the whole face, particularly including the eyes, which crease and 'twinkle'
--False smiles last longer; Smiling with lips only is often falsehood, where the smiler wants to convey pleasure or approval but is actually feeling something else
- laughter shows greater pleasure and happiness
-A light puckering of the lips into a kiss shape typically indicates desire
-Lip-licking may indicate desire

Other Features of the Face
-When a person is feeling confident, their chin will jut out slightly as they hold their head up and maybe tilted slightly back

Arms
-Arms are not crossed; openness
-Palms are also relaxed
-When arms rounded and palms are sideways, the person may be offering a 'mock hug', showing that they care for the other person

Legs
-Open legs are not crossed
-The feet are of interest in open legs and may point forward or to the side or at something or someone of interest
-Sitting with slightly open legs is a relaxed position
-Swinging a leg when standing can act as a pointer towards something of interest
-Touching and stroking the knee indicates a sexual invitation or tease
-Bouncing of the feet indicates confidence

Torso
-Pushing the shoulders back forces the chest out and exposes the torso; no fear
-A person who is truly relaxed will have their shoulders held low


Research: Torso


Culiminating: Body Language
Research

Torso:

Happy/Pleased
-Pushing the shoulders back forces the chest out and exposes the torso; no fear
-A person who is truly relaxed will have their shoulders held low

Frightened/Anxiety
-When people feel threatened they will thus naturally act to protect the neck; hiding neck
-Embarrassment or fear can lead to increased swallowing
-Touching the front of the neck may indicate concern
-Raising the shoulders and lowering the head protects the neck when the person fears attack
-A small quick shrug sends a signal of uncertainty; a full shrug where both shoulders are raised says definitively, "I don't know"
-When the chest is pulled back, this may well indicate that the person is trying to hide or appear inoffensive
-When the body is rigid, it may indicate tension

Anger/Rage
-Circling the shoulders done forwards or backwards, with one or both shoulders; readiness/preparedness; exercising stiff shoulders 

Research: Legs


Culiminating: Body Language
Research

Legs:

Happy/Pleased
-Sitting with slightly open legs is a relaxed position
-Swinging a leg when standing can act as a pointer towards something of interest
-Touching and stroking the knee indicates a sexual invitation or tease
-Bouncing of the feet indicates confidence

Frightened/Anxiety
-When the person is standing with feet together then this may display anxiety as it makes them smaller as a target
-When sitting, the knees may be held gently or tightly together, depending on the anxiety level
-An ankle cross with legs tucked under the chair can indicate concealed anxiety
-Bouncing the leg can indicate impatience
-When feet curl around each other or a chair leg, this can indicate suppressed tension

Anger/Rage
-Legs which are held apart when standing provide a stable base for the person; makes body appear wider and bigger as a sign of power and dominence
-Crossing the thighs, standing or sitting, takes the defensiveness of closing further; like crossing arms

Deception/ Lying

Misc.
-Crossing legs when standing can be an indication of shyness or being coy
-Legs may be used to point to things of interest, as with other parts of the body
-thighs that are pulled tight together send a signal of rejection
-thighs that are pulled apart send a sign of invitation

Research: Arms


Culiminating: Body Language
Research

Arms:

Happy/Pleased
-Preening is a sign of attraction
-Touching of the fingertips is a sign of confidence, this is also called "hand steepling" as it resemble the steeple of a church
-Hands in pocket, thumb sticking out; high confidence
-Hands interlocked, thumb sticking up; positive thoughts
-Open palms; submissiveness and truthfulness
-Rubbing nose while listening; thoughtfulness

Frightened/Anxiety
-Crossed arms may thus indicate anxiety which is either driven by a lack of trust in the other person or an internal discomfort and sense of vulnerability
-Withdrawal of the arms signals fear and unsettledness
-Restriction of arms movements indicate fear; often seen in victims of abuse
-Interlocking the fingers is a sign of stress or concern; especially hiding of the thumbs
-Hands in pocket with the thumbs hidden; low confidence
-Adjusting accessories; nervousness
-Cracking knuckles; comfort habit
-Rubbing hands together; anticipation
-Tugging of the ears; indecision


Anger/Rage
- When arms are crossed, they form a closed defensive shield, blocking out the outside world
-Both arms folded behind the back with a cluster of other signs make up the "regal stance", indicative of one who wishes others away
-Hands on the hips is a territorial sign; thumb placement is key, thumbs in the front is less authoritative
-Clenched fingers; hostility
-Pinching the nose bridge; negative evaluation
-Neck scratching; disbelief

Deception/ Lying
-Hiding the hands is indicative of suspicious behavior
-Touching the nose while speaking is a tell tale of lying

Research: Features of the Face


Culiminating: Body Language
Research

Other Features of the Face


Happy/Pleased
-When a person is feeling confident, their chin will jut out slightly as they hold their head up and maybe tilted slightly back
-Nodding of the head signals approval
-Slow nodding shows attentiveness
-Head 


Frightened/Anxiety
-Redness is a sign of embarrassment, however may also may indicate anger
-Touching the cheeks may indicate surprise or horror
-It typically indicates relief and can be a deliberate exaggeration
-Rubbing the temples either side can indicate stress
-Sniffing of the nose is indicative of holding back, possibly tears
-Forehead furrowed, sign of tension

Anger/Rage
-Cheeks sucked in or out may indicate disapproval
-When the nostrils are widened it allows more air to be breathed in and out and readies the person for combat
-Wrinkling the nose is a sign of disgust
-Pinching the bridge of the nose can show the person is evaluating something, usually negatively and with some frustration
-Fast nodding shows impatience
-Head held high; superiority and arrogance
-Head tilted downward at another, superiority
-Head shaking from side to side, disagreement


Misc.
-Blown out cheeks may also indicate tiredness
-Stroking the chin is often a signal that the person is thinking hard
-Propping the chin on your hand to hold it up indicates tiredness or boredom'
-Slowly rubbing the forehead can indicate deep thinking

Research: Mouth


Culiminating: Body Language
Research

 Mouth:


Happy/Pleased
-Slow, deep breathing, sometimes with slightly parted lips, may indicate someone who is relaxing or meditating
-Smiling indicates pleasure, either that you are generally happy and are enjoying the other person's company or that you are amused by something in particular, such as a joke
 --A full smile engages the whole face, particularly including the eyes, which crease and 'twinkle'
--False smiles last longer; Smiling with lips only is often falsehood, where the smiler wants to convey pleasure or approval but is actually feeling something else
- laughter shows greater pleasure and happiness
-A light puckering of the lips into a kiss shape typically indicates desire
-Lip-licking may indicate desire

Frightened/Anxiety
-Opening mouth to get more oxygen is indicative of a person who is frightened or angry
-Breathing faster/ panting may also indicate levels of fear
-Long, tense smiles are characteristic of anxious people trying to ingratiate themselves
-When lips are sucked into the mouth or turned under so the red part of the lips are hidden, this can indicate that the person is thinking and uncertain about something
-Biting the lip, centrally or at the side, is often a sign of anxiety
-A short, deep, exhaling sigh, can indicate sadness, frustration or boredom.
-Short inhalation, particularly in a sequence, can be like silent sobs and hence be an indicator of deep and suppressed sadness
-Corners of the mouth turned down indicates sadness or displeasure
-Teeth grinding; suppression and tension



Anger/Rage
-When the lips are pulled back, they expose the teeth. This may be in a broad smile or it may be a snarl of aggression
-Twisted smile, one side showing a smile and the other showing otherwise; sarcasm
-Poking the tongue out accompanied by a frown indicates disapproval
-Portion of the upper lip turned up into a sneer indicates disgust


Deception/ Lying
-Concealing the mouth is a means of hiding motions that will betray emotions
-Lowering the jaw to show a D-shaped mouth can be a false smile as it is easy to do
-Smiling without opening the mouth, and particularly with lips firmly pressed together, may indicate a suppression of words
-A half-smile, on one side of the face, may indicate cynicism, sarcasm or uncertainty
-Lips which are pulled inwards from all directions are an indication of tension and may indicate frustration or disapproval.
-When the top lip is over the bottom lip, this may be linked with biting of the bottom lip, a common indicator that the person is feeling guilty about something
-Smiling without reaching the eyes; fake


Misc
-Yawning is a sign or tiredness or boredom
-Parting lips is the first stage in speaking and may thus be a signal that the person wants to talk
Lips which are kept horizontal but squeezed flat are an exaggerated closing of the mouth and may indicate a repressed desire to speak

Research: Eyes

Culiminating: Body Language
Research

Eyes:

The eyes are honest, as people have little control over this body part.

Happy/Pleased
-Looking at a person's mouth can indicate that you would like to kiss them. Looking at sexual regions indicates a desire to have sexual relations with them.
-Glancing at something can betray a desire for that thing; Glancing at a person can indicate a desire to talk with them
-Glancing sideways at a person with raised eyebrows can be a sign of attraction
-A softening of the eyes, with relaxing of muscles around the eye and a slight defocusing as the person tries to take in the whole person is sometimes called doe eyes, as it often indicates sexual desire
-Looking at a person acknowledges them and shows that you are interested in them, particularly if you look in their eye
-A quick up down of the eyebrows is a sign of acknowledgement and a greeting
-Direct eye contact when listening; interest 
-Pupils dilated or enlarged; attraction

Frightened/Anxiety

-Eyebrows knitted; sign of stress
-Looking down involves not looking at the other person, which hence may be a sign of submission
-Looking down may also indicate guilty feelings
-When a person makes very little eye contact, they may be feeling insecure
-When eyebrows are raised in the middle, pulling the forhead, sloping outwards, indicates either relief or anxiety
Anger/Rage

-"Eye blocking", sign of consternation, disbelief, or disagreement
-Looking at a person can be an act of power and domination
-Looking up and down at a whole person is usually sizing them up
-Looking at their forehead or not at them indicates disinterest.
-The power gaze is a short but intense gaze that is used to impose one's will on another, showing power without aggression.
-Sideways glance may be a sign of disapproval
-Prolonged eye contact can be threatening
-Narrowing of a person's eyes can indicate evaluation
-Lowered eyebrows, depending on the conotation may indicate displeasure
-Raising a single eyebrow means cynicism- "Are you sure?"
-Eyebrows pulled down so that they slope inwards is an indication of anger or frustration
-Rolling of the eyes; frustration

Deception/ Lying
-Eyes moving from side-to-side can indicate shiftiness and lying, as if the person is looking for an escape route in case they are found out
-Lateral movement can also happen when the person is being conspiratorial, as if they are checking that nobody else is listening
-People who are lying may look away more often as they feel guilty when looking at other
-When a person makes very little eye contact they may also be lying and not want to be detected.
-Lowering eyebrows conceals the eye, coupled with a lowered head, may indicate deception or a desire that the eyes conceal


Misc.
-quick glance sideways can just be checking the source of a distraction to assess for threat or interest
-When a person looks upwards they are often thinking. In particular they are probably making pictures in their head
-Looking to the left can indicate a person recalling a sound.
-Looking to the right can indicate that they are imagining the sound
-Raised eyebrows asks for attention, may signal emphasis; allow signifies openness
-Eyebrows knitted together indicates confusion